Writer’s Note: The full moon in the United Kingdom took place on Thursday 6th April. This post is a bit late, sincerest apologies!
Full Moon ♎️
“ Eosturmonath has a name which is now translated as ‘Paschal Month’, and which was named once called after a goddess of theirs named Eostre, in whose honour feasts were celebrated in that month. Now they designate that Paschal season by her name, calling the joys of the new rite by the time-honoured name of the old observance.” Bede, The Reckoning of Time.
Bede’s is the oldest and only account explicitly writing about the whole of the Easter season (and the feast) taking its name from an old goddess.
Unfortunately, there simply are no records of what the Anglo- Saxons celebrated on this month before it became a Christian festival. Neither are there any Pagan links to whom this Eostre was or what she was a goddess of. The only clue being her name in that it is related to other words meaning ‘dawn’: Eastre (Old English), Ôstara (Old High German), Austrō (Proto-Germanic). And because there aren’t any records of this goddess anywhere, Bede has been criticised as having made her up.
It was Jacob Grimm who, in 1835, rose to Bede’s defence in that there could have been a goddess of the dawn…. He had found a “spirit of light” named Austri in the Norse Prose Edda; Gylfaginning. Although this particular spirit was written male and the name used the masculine form for the word “dawn”, Grimm hypothesised that if there was a goddess, this would be the place to look….. especially when the words used by the Anglo-Saxons and other Germanic peoples was the feminine form. Rather than proving the existence of a goddess of the dawn, Grimm supposed this is possibly where it came from…. And if there was indeed such a cult then it was extinct before Christianity became dominant.
If we look at the regional use of the name for the fourth month: Eastro (masculine form) and Easturmonath were Northumbrian (NE coast). Eastre was used by the Mercians (The Midlands) and West Saxons (Wessex) as was the name Eastermonath. Then we can indeed see there was a shared name of the month possibly named for heralding the dawn; most likely because after the vernal equinox of March the days are significantly longer and people awoke to greeted by light.
Interestingly, the Old English used this name to mean “Paschal Month”, after the Hebrew Pesach, which is the Jewish festival of Passover. The rest of Christendom even used Pascha and variations of this to describe the celebration of the resurrection of Christ. Yet in England, this was Easter.
For early Christians, calculating Easter was a BIG thing…. Especially in England when there were two forms of Christianity. Calculating when Easter took place involved taking into account when Passover (Jewish celebration of the freedom of the Israelites from Egyptian rule) occurred. Because Passover takes place on the fifteenth day of the Hebrew month of Nisan in the evening, it typically takes place on the night of the full moon after the vernal equinox. Of course, due to leap years changing the dates of the calendar, Passover sometimes falls on the second full moon after the Vernal Equinox. Passover was believed to have been when Jesus Christ was executed.
Now, this is where the two strands of Christianity differed as when to celebrate Easter: the Celtic form of Christianity (as taught on the islands of Iona and Lindisfarne and was the original version taught across Great Britain and Ireland) taught that Easter was to be celebrated on the first Sunday after the full moon after the vernal Equinox. If Passover occurred at the same time, it didn’t matter…. They were celebrating Christ’s resurrection not his execution.
However, the newer form of Roman Catholicism viewed this very differently: Easter was to be celebrated on the first Sunday after Passover, after the full moon, after the vernal equinox.
This led to a lot of arguments between the two, especially as the Northumbrian king, Oswiu was celebrating his people’s Easter whilst his Roman Catholic wife expressed her displeasure at this being the “wrong time”. At the Synod of Whitby, 662, the Roman version of Christianity emerged the victor….
There are plenty of theories and conjecture about Eostre and of Bede’s account of the origin of the name.
My own take on it is that if Bede was correct in what he wrote, that Eostre was a goddess, then unfortunately she has been forgotten. I wonder if Eostre was referring not to a goddess as such, but to the red dawn of the sun: for in Germanic belief, the sun is written as female. And after the vernal equinox, the days lengthen and the plant life becomes more abundant with flowers opening and tree leaves and blossom growing too.
I also wonder if Eosturmonath and Eastermonath weren’t just differences in dialect between the Northumbrian and West Saxons….. what if each was attributed to the Celtic and Roman reckonings of Easter?
These are my thoughts and like the mystery of Eostre, we’ll never really know for sure.
Whether this season is about the name of a forgotten deity, the celebration of a more well known one, the freedom of a once-enslaved people, or simply the welcome return of the light and warmth of the sun bringing with it an abundance of flowers, leaves and grass, I wish you a Happy Easter.
Be well!
Locksley. /|\